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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vstisp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Садоводство и виноградарство</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Horticulture and viticulture</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0235-2591</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-9003</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Autonomous non-profit organization Editorial Board of journal «Horticulture and viticulture»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31676/0235-2591-2023-5-27-34</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">akxazg</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vstisp-1087</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>БИОТЕХНОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>BIOTECHNOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Эмбриокультура в селекции косточковых: особенности и успехи применения</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Embryo rescue in stone fruit breeding: specifics and application success</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2845-4253</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Спивак</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Spivak</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Спивак Владимир Валерьевич – младший научный сотрудник, аспирант, лаборатория репродуктивной биотехнологии </p><p>ул. Загорьевская, 4, Москва, 115598</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir V. Spivak, Junior Researcher, Graduate Student, Laboratory of Reproductive Biotechnology </p><p>4, Zagorevskaya str., Moscow, 115598, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">fncsad@fncsad.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6172-9597</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бурменко</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Burmenko</surname><given-names>Yu. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник </p><p>ул. Загорьевская, 4, Москва, 115598</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD Sci. (Biol.), Senior Researcher, </p><p>4, Zagorevskaya str., Moscow, 115598, Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3629-4461</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Капитова</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kapitova</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат химических наук, старший научный сотрудник, заведующий лабораторией репродуктивной биотехнологии</p><p>ул. Загорьевская, 4, Москва, 115598</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD Sci. (Chem.), Senior Researcher, Head of Laboratory of Reproductive Biotechnology</p><p>4, Zagorevskaya str., Moscow, 115598, Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральный научный селекционно-технологический центр садоводства и питомниководства</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Horticultural Research Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>11</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>27</fpage><lpage>34</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Autonomous non-profit organization Editorial Board of journal «Horticulture and viticulture», 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Autonomous non-profit organization Editorial Board of journal «Horticulture and viticulture»</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Autonomous non-profit organization Editorial Board of journal «Horticulture and viticulture»</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://www.sadivin.com/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://www.sadivin.com/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.sadivin.com/jour/article/view/1087">https://www.sadivin.com/jour/article/view/1087</self-uri><abstract><p>Создание сортов косточковых культур, отвечающих современным требованиям производства – трудоемкий процесс, сопряжённый с низким выходом потомства, полученным от контролируемой внутривидовой и межвидовой гибридизации, который может длиться до 25 лет. Нежизнеспособность гибридных семян провоцируется абортированием зародыша, который не успевает завершить своё морфофизиологическое развитие, и отмиранием эндосперма у межвидовых гибридов. Сохранение гибридов с уникальными комбинациями признаков возможно при извлечении зародышей, полученных в результате межвидовых и межродовых скрещиваний, неспособных выжить in vivo или в ходе традиционных методов селекции растений на ранних сроках развития и помещения их для дальнейшего развития в условия in vitro. Цель исследования – на основе литературных источников проанализировать питательные среды, условия их применения и сроки изоляции зародышей в in vitro, для сохранения незрелых зародышей и создания гибридов косточковых культур; выявить наиболее эффективные схемы изоляции зародышей в in vitro для дальнейшего применения в селекционном процессе. Для аналитического обзора были использованы открытые источники, содержащие информацию о составе наиболее часто используемых питательных средах, их составах, модификациях, условиях применения, сроках введения зародышей в условия in vitro для персика обыкновенного (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch), абрикоса обыкновенного (P. armeniaca L.), сливы домашней (P. domestica L.), сливы китайской (P. salicina Lindl.), алычи (P. cerasifera Ehrh.), тёрна (P. spinosa L.), вишни обыкновенной (P. cerasus L.) и черешни (P. avium (L.) L.). Проведённый анализ исследований показал, что оптимальными средами для поддержания развития зародышей персика обыкновенного является модифицированная питательная среда Woody Plant (до 100 % сохраненных зародышей), для абрикоса обыкновенного – модифицированная Monnier (до 92,4 % сохраненных зародышей), для вишни обыкновенной, черешни, сливы и межвидовых гибридов различные варианты Murashige and Skoog (более 70 % сохраненных зародышей). В качестве регуляторов роста используются: 6-бензиламинопурин (6-БАП), гибберелловоя кислота (ГК), кинетин, НУК, а также углеводы, L-глутамин, хелат железа, аскорбиновая кислота, тиамин, глютаминовая кислота, триптофан, гидролизат казеина и др. Сроки введения в культуру in vitro варьируют в зависимости от культуры: от 28 (вишня обыкновенная) до 99 дней (персик обыкновенный). Стратификация при +4…+5 °С в темноте до начала развития способствует повышению выхода жизнеспособных зародышей. Оптимальный фотопериод для культивирования зародышей in vitro составляет 12 (персик обыкновенный) – 16 (алыча, вишня обыкновенная, черешня и межвидовые гибриды) часов. В результате отбора из гибридного фонда, полученного с использованием сохранения зародышей, в Государственный реестр селекционных достижений, допущенных к использованию, внесены 1 сорт персика обыкновенного (‘Крымский Шедевр’), 3 сорта черешни (‘Весняны Наспивы’, ‘Призерка’, ‘Услада’), районированные по Северо-Кавказскому региону; в реестр охраняемых селекционных достижений для Центрального региона 2 сорта сливы домашней (‘Тулица’ и ‘Величавая’).</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The development of stone fruit varieties that meet modern production requirements is a labor-intensive process involving low yields of progeny obtained through controlled intraspecific and interspecific hybridization, which can take up to 25 years. The non-viability of hybrid seeds is caused by the abortion of the embryo that does not have time to complete its morphophysiological development and endosperm abortion in interspecific hybrids. It is possible to preserve hybrids having a unique combination of traits by removing embryos derived from interspecific and intergeneric crossing that are unable to survive in vivo or when using conventional methods for breeding embryos at early developmental stages and placing them under in vitro conditions for further development. On the basis of literary sources, the study aims to analyze growth media, conditions of their application, and time of embryo placement under in vitro conditions designed to preserve immature embryos and create hybrids of stone fruit crops, as well as to identify the most effective in vitro embryo isolation schemes for further use in the breeding process. The analytical review used open sources containing information on the composition of the most commonly used growth media, their compositions, modifications, application conditions, time of embryo placement under in vitro conditions for common peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.), common apricot (P. armeniaca L.), common plum (P. domestica L.), Chinese plum (P. salicina Lindl.), cherry plum (P. cerasifera Ehrh.), sloe (P. spinosa L.), sour cherry (P. cerasus L.), sweet cherry (P. avium (L.) L.), as well as electronic scientific libraries (eLibrary, Scopus, and Google Scholar). The performed analysis of works revealed the following media as optimal for sustaining the development of embryos: common peach – modified growth medium Woody Plant (up to 100 % of preserved embryos); common apricot – modified Monnier (up to 92.4 % of preserved embryos); sour cherry, sweet cherry, plum, and interspecific hybrids – different variants of Murashige and Skoog (over 70 % of preserved embryos). The used modifiers include 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BAP), gibberellic acid (GA), kinetin, peracetic acid, carbohydrates, L-glutamine, iron chelate, ascorbic acid, thiamine, glutamic acid, tryptophan, casein hydrolysate, etc. The time of placement under in vitro conditions varies from 28 days (sour cherry) to 99 days (common peach) depending on the crop. Stratification in the dark at +4…+5 ℃ prior to development increases the yield of viable embryos. The optimal photoperiod for in vitro embryo cultivation ranges from 12 (common peach) to 16 (cherry plum, sour cherry, sweet cherry, and interspecific hybrids) hours. As a result of selection from the fund of hybrids obtained through embryo preservation, one common peach variety (Krymskii Shedevr) and three sweet cherry varieties (Vesnyany Naspivy, Prizerka, and Uslada), recommended for the North Caucasus region, were included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements approved for use; two common plum varieties (Tulitsa and Velichavaya) were included into the Register of Protected Breeding Achievements for the Central Region.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>эмбриокультура</kwd><kwd>in vitro</kwd><kwd>питательные среды</kwd><kwd>косточковые культуры</kwd><kwd>гибриды</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>embryo rescue</kwd><kwd>in vitro</kwd><kwd>growth media</kwd><kwd>stone fruit crops</kwd><kwd>hybrids</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследования выполнены в рамках реализации государственного задания ФГБНУ ФНЦ Садоводства № 0432-2022-0001 «Воспроизводство и сохранение ценных генотипов плодовых и ягодных культур методами новых биотехнологий»</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The studies were carried out as part of implementing the state assignment No. 0432-2022-0001 of the Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery “Reproduction and Conservation of Valuable Genotypes of Fruit and Berry Crops Using New Biotechnology Methods”</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Götz L., Heigermoser M., Jaghdani T. 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