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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vstisp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Садоводство и виноградарство</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Horticulture and viticulture</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0235-2591</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-9003</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Autonomous non-profit organization Editorial Board of journal «Horticulture and viticulture»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31676/0235-2591-2026-2-48-59</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vstisp-1528</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Разработка системы компьютерного зрения на основе свёрточной нейронной сети для автоматизированной сортировки плодов яблони</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Development of a computer vision system based on a convolutional neural network for automated sorting of apple fruits</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7643-775X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кутырёв</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kutyrev</surname><given-names>А. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кутырёв А. И. – кандидат технических наук, заведующий лабораторией интеллектуальных цифровых систем мониторинга, диагностики и управления процессами в сельскохозяйственном производстве</p><p>1-й Институтский проезд, 5, г. Москва, 109428</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kutyrev A. I., PhD (Eng.), Head of the Laboratory of Intelligent Digital Systems for Monitoring, Diagnostics and Process Control in Agricultural Production</p><p>1st Institutsky Proyezd, 5, Moscow, 109428</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alexeykutyrev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3713-205X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Потапенков</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Potapenkov</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Потапенков Н. А. – инженер лаборатории интеллектуальных цифровых систем мониторинга, диагностики и управления процессами в сельскохозяйственном производстве</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Potapenkov N. A., Engineer of the Laboratory of Intelligent Digital Systems for Monitoring, Diagnostics and Process Control in Agricultural Production</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральный научный агроинженерный центр ВИМ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>48</fpage><lpage>59</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Autonomous non-profit organization Editorial Board of journal «Horticulture and viticulture», 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Autonomous non-profit organization Editorial Board of journal «Horticulture and viticulture»</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Autonomous non-profit organization Editorial Board of journal «Horticulture and viticulture»</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://www.sadivin.com/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://www.sadivin.com/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.sadivin.com/jour/article/view/1528">https://www.sadivin.com/jour/article/view/1528</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье представлена интеллектуальная система автоматизированной сортировки плодов яблони на основе архитектур свёрточных нейронных сетей YOLO. Разработано программное обеспечение, интегрирующее детекцию, инстанс-сегментацию, трекинг (отслеживание) объектов и анализ качества плодов в реальном времени. Система реализована на языке Python с использованием библиотек OpenCV, PyQt5, NumPy и других, и поддерживает обработку видеопотока с промышленных конвейерных линий. Проведено сравнительное исследование моделей YOLO12s (для детекции) и YOLO11m-seg (для сегментации) по основным метрикам (Precision, Recall, mAP, F1-score, MOTA, IDF1 и FPS). На основе анализа экспериментальных данных установлены оптимальные режимы работы: для YOLO12s – скорость конвейера до 0,18 м/с при MOTA &gt; 0,75 и FPS ≈ 38 кадр./с; для YOLO11m-seg – до 0,15 м/с при MOTA &gt; 0,65 и FPS ≈ 25 кадр./с. Программный комплекс позволяет распознавать восемь классов объектов, включая гниль, паршу, механические повреждения, оценивать степень зрелости по HSV-гистограммам и измерять размеры плодов. Для трекинга выбран алгоритм ByteTrack, который обеспечивает сохранение идентификаторов объектов при их движении, минимизируя ошибочное повторное присвоение ID в условиях частичных перекрытий и высокой скорости конвейера. Программное обеспечение системы представляет собой готовое решение для цифровизации процесса сортировки. Обеспечивая работу в реальном времени, автоматическое распознавание дефектов и ведение статистики, программа позволяет повысить эффективность производства и производительность труда по сравнению с традиционными методами визуального контроля.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This article presents a smart system for automated sorting of apple fruits based on YOLO convolutional neural network architectures. A software package that integrates detection, instance segmentation, object tracking, and real-time fruit quality analysis has been developed. The system, implemented in Python using OpenCV, PyQt5, NumPy, and other libraries, supports video stream processing from industrial conveyor lines. A comparative study of the YOLO12s (for detection) and YOLO11m-seg (for segmentation) models was conducted using such key metrics as Precision, Recall, mAP, F1-score, MOTA, IDF1, and FPS. The analysis of experimental data established the following optimal operating modes: for YOLO12s, conveyor speed up to 0.18 m/s at MOTA &gt; 0.75 and FPS ≈ 38 frames/s; for YOLO11m-seg, conveyor speed up to 0.15 m/s at MOTA &gt; 0.65 and FPS ≈ 25 frames/s. The software package recognizes eight classes of objects, including rot, scab, and mechanical damage. The system allows the degree of ripeness to be assessed using HSV histograms and fruit sizes to be measured. Tracking is performed using the ByteTrack algorithm, which ensures preservation of object identifiers during movement, thus minimizing erroneous ID reassignment in conditions of partial overlap and high conveyor speeds. The system software is a ready-made solution for the digitalization of the sorting process. By ensuring real-time operation, automatic defect recognition, and statistical data collection, the software increases production efficiency and labor productivity compared to conventional visual inspection methods.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>компьютерное зрение</kwd><kwd>сортировка плодов яблони</kwd><kwd>оценка качества плодов</kwd><kwd>нейронные сети</kwd><kwd>инстанс-сегментация</kwd><kwd>трекинг объектов</kwd><kwd>машинное обучение</kwd><kwd>глубокое обучение.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>computer vision</kwd><kwd>apple sorting</kwd><kwd>fruit quality assessment</kwd><kwd>neural networks</kwd><kwd>instance segmentation</kwd><kwd>object tracking</kwd><kwd>machine learning</kwd><kwd>deep learning.</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baneh N. M., Navid H., Kafashan J., Fouladi H., Gonzales-Barrón U. 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