vstispСадоводство и виноградарствоHorticulture and viticulture0235-25912618-9003Autonomous non-profit organization Editorial Board of journal «Horticulture and viticulture»10.31676/0235-2591-2021-6-17-29vstisp-806Research ArticleГЕНЕТИКА, СЕЛЕКЦИЯ, СЕМЕНОВОДСТВОGENETICS, BREEDING, SEED PRODUCTIONДостижения и перспективы биоинженерии садовых культурAdvances and outlook of horticultural bioengineeringhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4654-8413ГузееваА. А.GuzeevaA. A.

младший научный сотрудник, лаборатория репродуктивной биотехнологии

Москва

Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Reproductive Biotechnology

Moscow

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3629-4461КапитоваИ. А.KapitovaI. A.

кандидат химических наук, старший научный сотрудник, лаборатория репродуктивной биотехнологии

Москва

PhD (Chim.), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Reproductive Biotechnology

Moscow

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1399-3235ДолговС. В.DolgovS. V.

доктор биологических наук, главный научный сотрудник

Пущино

Dr. Sci. (Biol.), Chief Researcher

Pushchino

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6172-9597БурменкоЮ. В.BurmenkoYu. V.

Юлия Владимировна Бурменко, кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник, заведующий отделом генетики и селекции плодовых и ягодных культур

ул. Загорьевская, 4, г. Москва, 115598

Yulia V. Burmenko, PhD (Biol.), Senior Researcher, Head of the Department of Genetics and Breeding of Fruit and Berry Crops

4, Zagor’evskaya Str., Moscow, 115598

burmenko_j@mail.ruФедеральный научный селекционно-технологический центр садоводства и питомниководстваРоссияFederal Horticultural Research Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and NurseryRussian FederationФедеральный научный селекционно-технологический центр садоводства и питомниководства; Филиал Института Биоорганической химии им. акад. М. М. Шемякина и Ю. А. Овчинникова РАНРоссияFederal Horticultural Research Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery; Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Federation202130122021061729Copyright © Autonomous non-profit organization Editorial Board of journal «Horticulture and viticulture», 20212021Autonomous non-profit organization Editorial Board of journal «Horticulture and viticulture»Autonomous non-profit organization Editorial Board of journal «Horticulture and viticulture»https://www.sadivin.com/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNoticehttps://www.sadivin.com/jour/article/view/806

Сегодня биоинженерия, использующая различные технологии модификации генома растений, считается одним из современных биотехнологических направлений создания уникальных и отвечающих современным требованиям генотипов. Цель исследования — провести анализ современного состояния мировых научных достижений при получении модифицированных геномов плодовых и ягодных культур с существенными (отличными от таковых у лучших сортов, полученных без использования биоинженерии) отклонениями нормы реакции по признакам и свойствам устойчивости к биотическим и абиотическим факторам, продуктивности, качества плодов и др. Первые исследования по трансформации садовых культур были направлены на разработку протоколов, включающих использование селектируемого маркерного гена, который кодировал ферменты, детоксифицирующие аминогликозидные антибиотики путем фосфорилирования. Наиболее распространенная система отбора для трансгенных линий плодовых и ягодных культур — использование nptII (неомицинфосфотрансфераза). Для семечковых культур приоритетные направления создания ГМ-линии — устойчивость к парше Venturia inaequalis (Wint.) Cke, ржавчине Gymnosporangium juniper-virginianae Schwein., бактериальному ожогу Erwinia amylovora Burrill, Winslow et al., высокое качество плодов, в том числе яркая окраска и снижение ферментативного побурения. Для косточковых — толерантность к вирусу шарки (PPV), кольцевой пятнистости (PRSV), некротической пятнистости плодов (PNRSV). Для ягодных — устойчивость к грибам Sphaerotheca humuli (DC.) Burrill, возбудителю серой (Botrytis cinerea Pers.) и корневой (Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert & Cohn) J.Schrot.) гнилям, мучнистой росе (Oidium tuckeri Berkeley), высокое качество плодов. Для цитрусовых — устойчивость к бактериальному раку (Xanthomonas citri sub sp.), возбудителю язвы (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv citri), болезни озеленения (Huanglongbing (HLB)) и грибам (Trichoderma harzianum Rifai). Для тропических — устойчивость к вирусу кольцевой пятнистости (PRSV) вирусу полосатости бананов (eBSV). ГМ-линии плодовых, с уникальным фенотипом FT применяются в новой стратегии селекции — «FasTrack». В настоящее время в мире зарегистрированы 9 ГМ-линий плодовых и ягодных культур. Для промышленного потребления в свежем виде и переработки разрешены ГМ-линии яблок Arctic (Golden, Granny, Fuji), сливы (Honey Sweet), папайи (Rainbow, SunUp, Laie Gold). В списке трансгенных культур, зарегистрированных в Российской Федерации, ГМ-линии плодовых и ягодных культур отсутствуют.

A Branch of modern biotechnology for creating unique relevant genotypes is bioengineering that harnesses a spectrum of plant genome modification technologies. The study aimed to analyse the current state of the art in genome modification of fruit and berry crops for more significant (vs. premium pure breeding varieties) deviations of norm in the traits and properties of biotic and abiotic resistance, productivity, fruit quality, etc. First horticultural crop transformation studies aimed at developing protocols based on selectable enzyme marker genes of phosphorylationmediated aminoglycoside antibiotics detoxification. Neomycin phosphotransferase nptII constitutes the most common system of transgenic fruit and berry crop selection. In pome crops, the transgenic selection priorities were resistance to scab (Venturia inaequalis (Wint.) Cke), rust (Gymnosporangium juniper-virginianae Schwein.) and bacterial blight (Erwinia amylovora Burrill, Winslow et al.), higher fruit quality, including bright colouring, and reduced enzymatic browning. In stone crops, it was tolerance to plum pox (PPV), papaya ringspot (PRSV) and Prunus necrotic ringspot (PNRSV) viruses. In berry crops — resistance to Sphaerotheca humuli (DC.) Burrill fungus, grey mould (Botrytis cinerea Pers.), root rot (Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert & Cohn) J.Schrot.) and powdery mildew (Oidium tuckeri Berkeley), as well as higher fruit quality. In citruses — resistance to bacterial canker (Xanthomonas citri sub sp.), citrus ulcer (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv citri), greening disease (Huanglongbing (HLB)) and fungi (Trichoderma harzianum Rifai). In tropical crops — resistance to papaya ringspot (PRSV) and banana streak (eBSV) viruses. Unique FT-phenotype transgenic fruit lines are leveraged in the new FasTrack breeding strategy. Nine fruit and berry transgenic crop lines have now been registered worldwide. Transgenic Arctic apples (Golden, Granny, Fuji), plums (Honey Sweet) and papaya (Rainbow, SunUp, Laie Gold) are industry-approved in fresh and processed form. The transgenic list regulated in the Russian Federation does not include fruit or berry crops.

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DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13049-0Федеральный закон от 05.07.1996 N 86-ФЗ (ред. от 02.07.2021). «О государственном регулировании в области генно-инженерной деятельности. URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_10944 Ссылка активна на 08.12.2021.Federal Law of 05.07.1996 N 86-FZ (as revised on 02.07.2021). “On state regulation in the field of genetic engineering”. URL:http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_10944 Link active on 12/08/2021. (In Russ.)

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.