Достижения и перспективы биоинженерии садовых культур

Сегодня биоинженерия, использующая различные технологии модификации генома растений, считается одним из современных биотехнологических направлений создания уникальных и отвечающих современным требованиям генотипов. Цель исследования — провести анализ современного состояния мировых научных достижений при получении модифицированных геномов плодовых и ягодных культур с существенными (отличными от таковых у лучших сортов, полученных без использования биоинженерии) отклонениями нормы реакции по признакам и свойствам устойчивости к биотическим и абиотическим факторам, продуктивности, качества плодов и др. Первые исследования по трансформации садовых культур были направлены на разработку протоколов, включающих использование селектируемого маркерного гена, который кодировал ферменты, детоксифицирующие аминогликозидные антибиотики путем фосфорилирования. Наиболее распространенная система отбора для трансгенных линий плодовых и ягодных культур — использование nptII (неомицинфосфотрансфераза). Для семечковых культур приоритетные направления создания ГМ-линии — устойчивость к парше Venturia inaequalis (Wint.) Cke, ржавчине Gymnosporangium juniper-virginianae Schwein., бактериальному ожогу Erwinia amylovora Burrill, Winslow et al., высокое качество плодов, в том числе яркая окраска и снижение ферментативного побурения. Для косточковых — толерантность к вирусу шарки (PPV), кольцевой пятнистости (PRSV), некротической пятнистости плодов (PNRSV). Для ягодных — устойчивость к грибам Sphaerotheca humuli (DC.) Burrill, возбудителю серой (Botrytis cinerea Pers.) и корневой (Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert & Cohn) J.Schrot.) гнилям, мучнистой росе (Oidium tuckeri Berkeley), высокое качество плодов. Для цитрусовых — устойчивость к бактериальному раку (Xanthomonas citri sub sp.), возбудителю язвы (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv citri), болезни озеленения (Huanglongbing (HLB)) и грибам (Trichoderma harzianum Rifai). Для тропических — устойчивость к вирусу кольцевой пятнистости (PRSV) вирусу полосатости бананов (eBSV). ГМ-линии плодовых, с уникальным фенотипом FT применяются в новой стратегии селекции — «FasTrack». В настоящее время в мире зарегистрированы 9 ГМ-линий плодовых и ягодных культур. Для промышленного потребления в свежем виде и переработки разрешены ГМ-линии яблок Arctic (Golden, Granny, Fuji), сливы (Honey Sweet), папайи (Rainbow, SunUp, Laie Gold). В списке трансгенных культур, зарегистрированных в Российской Федерации, ГМ-линии плодовых и ягодных культур отсутствуют.

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