Современные биоинженерные подходы создания у косточковых культур устойчивости к вирусу шарки сливы

В последние годы вирус оспы сливы (Plum pox virus — PPV), вызывающий болезнь шарки сливы стал главной угрозой для выращивания косточковых культур. Этот вирус нанес огромный экономический ущерб и вызвал значительное снижение производственных площадей в странах Восточной Европы и Средиземноморья. Патоген распространился по всему миру и классифицирован карантинными службами растений как наиболее опасный для косточковых культур. К сожалению, в настоящее время наука не может предложить способы лечения вирусных заболеваний растений, поэтому уничтожение зараженных деревьев остается единственным способом сдерживания их распространения. Учитывая серьезность заболевания, трудность контроля над его распространением, отсутствие устойчивых к нему существующих сортов, очевидна необходимость создания гибридов с повышенной устойчивостью к этому патогену. Современные методы генной инженерии дают возможность значительно ускорить процессы создания высокопродуктивных сортов сливы с повышенной или полной устойчивостью к вирусам, недостижимые методами традиционной селекции. Большинство известных работ модификации геномов косточковых плодовых культур выполнено с использованием ювенильного материала зиготического происхождения, имеющих более высокий морфогенетический потенциал по сравнению с сортами. Применение современных биоинженерных приемов в селекции косточковых культур тормозится отсутствием отработанных методик, способных обеспечить достаточно высокую частоту регенерации побегов из соматических тканей. Эти и другие причины вызывают необходимость разработки эффективной генотип-независимой системы регенерации и модификации геномов коммерческих сортов сливы. Принимая во внимание быстрое развитие методов редактирования генома растений, целевая мутация генов-хозяев, вовлеченных в репликацию, и широкое распространение PPV в инфицированных тканях, может быть многообещающим подходом для инженерии устойчивости к вирусам, исключающим введение чужеродных последовательностей в геном сливы.

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