The internal and external factors that have the most significant effect on the efficiency of fruit production and reproductive capabilities of agricultural producers were identified, the extent of their influence was determined. It was accentuated the attention to the solution of practical problems to improve the effi ciency of industrial horticulture, with a view to: regulatory structuring of production, leading to the normative level of technological and economic performance and their relationships, bringing the dimension of instruments of state regulation to the level that allows neutralize macroeconomic imbalances and create conditions for the expanded reproduction of commodity producers. The main effects of optimizing the structure of fruit trees were determined. The estimation of resource supply production of fruit products has been given and the functional disparities were revealed in the organization of reproduction processes. Cash grounded optimal parameters of resource provision of production and optimal ranges of technological and economic efficiency of fruit production have been substantiated by the calculations. The basic directions of increase of effi ciency of production, including reducing its resource capacity were proposed. Targeted implementation of measures to reduce the resource capacity of production on these proven methods allow to reduce the cost of production by 20 % and increase profi tability by more than 30 %.

The article provides an analysis of breeding work on apple tree from 1938 to 2014 in the Tatar scientific research institute of agriculture. Four periods in the breeding of apple are revealed. The volume of breeding works performed under the direction of G.I. Rozanova, V.A. Naumov, G.E. Osipov are presented. Promising cross combinations are installed. The sources of important economic biological signs are revealed. Promising hybrid seedlings of Apple trees in winter hardiness, productivity, resistance to scab, quality of fruit are highlighted. A brief description of apple trees varieties breeding in Tatar scientific research institute of agriculture Renet tatarskiy, Voljskaya krasavitsa, Tenkovskaya, Kamskaya is given. The directions of further work on the breeding of apple trees in the Tatar scientific research institute of agriculture are shown.

The article presents the results of the study of selected strawberry seedlings in critical conditions for culture in recent years. The selected seedlings 1-29-08, 1-27-08, 6-23-08, 5-24-08 marked by stable fruiting were identified.

The article presents the results of research of the biochemical features of adaptation of interspecific hybrids of grapes of different eco-geographical origin to the stresses of winter. The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of adaptability of different origin and biology of grape varieties to low temperature stress and limiting parameters, which are determined through simulation of temperature and stress in the controlled conditions of chambers with artificial climate to change the biochemical parameters characterizing the resistance of plants to low temperatures. An original modifi ed method-based on capillary electrophoresis was used to determine the biochemical parameters. Reduction of all osmoprotective compounds was found in the freezing vine, which is associated with their utilization. The positive correlations of moisture retaining capacity of cells with resistance to degradation of the protein on the variety Kristall were established, which in comparison with the varieties Dostoiniy and Krasnostop AZOS, also we were noted a higher content of free amino acids, especially osmoprotective-proline, indicating that it has a greater degree of adaptability to low temperatures. Varieties of Euro-American origin had a large content of ascorbic and phenol carbonic acids. In a state of enforced rest the all studied interspecific hybrids had a higher content of proline, which indicates improving water-holding capacity of the cytoplasm. The high winter hardiness of varieties Kristall, Dostoiniy and Krasnostop AZOS in the phase of forced rest is also evidenced by the decrease in the content of starch in the small cell area of the core of escape. Thresholds characterizing the resistance of plants to low temperature stress in phase deep and forced rest were defined for different origin and biology of grape varieties. The supposition about various adaptive mechanisms of studied grapes varieties to winter stressors is made on the basis of results of fi ve-year research.

The study of sweet cherry self-incompatibility is very actual due to the necessity to select optimal varieties pollinators and varietal schemes for orchards development. So the main objectives of our study were the molecular genetic identification of alleles of self-incompatibility (S-gene) of several sweet cherry varieties bred at North Caucasian Regional Scientific Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture as well as phenotypic evaluation of their compatibility in pollination. Sweet cherry varieties Anons, Krupnoplodnaya, Kavkazskaya, Krasa Kubani and Vasilisa were selected as objects of the study. Cross-pollination compatibility was determined in the following combinations: Anons/Krupnoplodnaya, Anons/Kavkazskaya, Anons/Krasa Kubani, Anons/Vasilisa, the control was Anons/open pollination. Fruit set evaluation was conducted 3 times: 1st 15 days after flowering; 2nd after shedding of the ovary; 3rd before harvesting. Molecular genetic identification of allelic combinations of S-gene was carried out using consensus primer pairs and PaConsI PaConsII, and allele - specific DNA-markers S2, S3, S5 and S6 for additional confirmation. S-gene allelic combinations have been identified for the studied varieties: Anons (S9/S5), Krupnoplodnaya (S9/S5), Krasa Kubani (S1/S6), Kavkazskaya (S3/S6), Vasilisa (S3/S9). Minimal level of fruit set (10,2 %) was identified for combination of pollination Anons (S9/S5) Krupnoplodnaya (S9/S5). In cross combinations of the Anons variety with the varieties Krasa Kubani (S1/S6) and Kavkazskaya (S3/S6) compatibility was at more higher level: 73,5 and 64,2 %, respectively. Our results confi rm perspectiveness of using the information about S-gene combinations in varieties for prediction the level of their pollination compatibility.

The results of the study of the electrical conductivity of tissue and the difference of bioelectric potentials of the polar parts of inoculations depending on the quality of accretion are presented. Objects of research are Sorbus L., Malus domestica P. Mill, Prunus domestica L., Prunus cerasifera Ehrh., Prunus spinosa, Prunus armeniaca L. Researches were conducted in the field and laboratory conditions. In the field conditions we researched electrical conductivity in the graft combinations and their correlation with the amount of growth. In laboratory conditions we observed inanition for normal grafts accretion when we took stocks without roots. There was educe correlation between conductivity and accretion quality of grafting. If there was the best grafting accretion so the conductivity value tissues of grafting components are monotony increased. The difference of biopotentials between apex and basal parts of grafted plant decreases by 30-40 mV (on the 14-th day after graft) in a good accretion.

Rose is the most popular of all flowering shrubs. But the decorative quality of flowers can get worse when they are damaged by pests. Species of pests on the territory of the Orel region have not been studied well enough. In particular, the information about some of the most important phytophages species on roses dates back in general to the middle of the last century. In this regard, the study of pests species on roses in changing environmental and economic conditions is of great relevance and practical importance. As a result of our study the fauna of rose pests has been identified and the most harmful open ground species in the conditions of the Orel region have been found. The most common sucking insect pests are Tetranychus urticae, Thrips fuscipennis, Thrips tabaci, Macrosiphum rosae, Edwardsiana rosae. The most dangerous gnawing pests for roses are bugs, caterpillars and larva Ardis brunniventris, Arge rosae, imago Cetonia aurata, Epicometis hirta, the roots of plants are damaged by Gryliotalpa gryliotalpa and Melolontha melolontha. Among 10 studied varieties belonging to the group of hybrid-tea Royal baccara and Shakira were identifi ed as resistant to the phytophages. They can be used further for the selection of cultivars in the landscape design. In the end, a calendar of harmfulness of phytophages on rose shrubs in the conditions of the Central Black Earth Region of Russia (the Orel region) has been formed.