Short-term tendencies in the growth of production costs of fruit products and average wholesale price of its realization are noted, the forecast of dynamics of indicators for 2016 is given. The factors infl uencing the reduced-effi ciency of the production of fruit products are shown. Practical tasks of increase in competitive ability of production are actualized, the standard model of indicators of technological and economic effi ciency is presented. The optimization of resource capacity was defi ned as a basis for improving the effi ciency of production. As a methodological basis the typifi cation of technologies, standardization technological processes and operations by means of development of the technological maps which are the regulating basis of organization of production process are accepted. The comparable characteristic of the actual indicators of resource capacity on technological operations with standard parameters is presented. Functional zones of resource-saving are defi ned and measures for parameters reduction of resource capacity of structural elements of production and technological processes in compliance to their standard values are defi ned: the laying of plantings with own landing material by immune varieties of local breeding, the application of support free cultivation way, the transition to biologized protection systems. The estimation is given to the main directions of decrease in resource capacity of processes and cost of production and level of growth of profi tability caused by reasonable measures.

Breeding for columnar apple varieties has been carried out at FSBSI All Russian Research Institute for Fruit Crop Breeding since 1984. By now, adaptive and productive columnar varieties having fruit of high quality have been developed (‘riokskoye’ ‘oezia’ ‘ostorg’ ‘irlianda’ ‘rlovskaya Yesenia’ ‘Sozvezdie’, etc.). These varieties have immunity to scab (Vf). ‘Zeliony Shum’ and ‘Priokskoye’ have the most vigorous habit; the height of 6-year trees of these varieties on 62-396 rootstock is 205.8 cm and 201.9 cm, respectively. ‘Girlianda’ (0.8 cm), ‘Poezia’ (0.9 cm), ‘Orlovskaya Yesenia’ (1.0 cm) as well as control variety ‘Moskovskoye Ozherelie’ (0.6 cm) are characterized by the least quantity of lateral twigs per tree (≥15 cm in length). ‘Orlovskaya Yesenia’ and ‘Sozvezdie’ have early fruit-bearing among columnar varieties; three years after inoculation they bore yield 84 centner/ha. During the fi rst four years of fruiting ‘Orlovskaya Yesenia’, ‘Girlianda’ and ‘Priokskoye’ were the most fruitful varieties with the average yield of 259 centner/ha, 228 centner/ha and 224 centner/ha, respectively, while control ‘Valuta’ and ‘Moskovskoye Ozherelie’ had authentically lower yields (165 and 141 centner/ha, respectively). (‘Priokskoye’, ‘Poezia’, ‘Vostorg’, ‘Girlianda’ and ‘Orlovskaya Yesenia’ are characterized by a complex of valuable commercial traits (adaptability, early fruit-bearing, high productivity and scab immunity) and are worth of wide production trials. The establishing of columnar apple orchards contributes to the improvement of the environment in the orchard since it decreases the use of toxic chemicals per area unit, provides more comfortable work conditions in the orchard, signifi cantly reduces the pre-fruiting period of the orchard and gives the possibility to obtain high yields of highly qualitative apples.

The results of the long-term study of apple gene pool at the All Russian Research Institute for Fruit Crop Breeding (ARRIFCB) are given. The apple gene pool is represented by varieties of different genetic and geographic origin. The investigations were performed in the plots of primary and collection study according to the methods of fruit, small fruit and nut crop variety study. The material for study of marketable and consumer qualities of fruit has been generalized. The sources of high taste qualities and attractive appearance of fruit have been revealed. Study of the main foreign apple varieties with fruit of high quality and long storage life (`Golden Delicious`, `Idared`, `Granny Smith`, `Jonagold`, `Jonathan`, `Fuji`, `Champion`, `Breburn`, etc.) showed their unsuitability for cultivation in conditions of the temperate zone of Russia. These varieties are recommended for using in breeding as sources for development varieties with high consumer qualities of fruit. Among the accessions of the last years, early summer varieties `Elena` (Belarus), `Geneva Early` (USA), `Daria` (Czechia); winter varieties `Rozhdestvenskoye` and `Afrodita` (ARRIFCB, Russia) and late winter varieties `Alesia` (Belarus), `Breburn` (New Zealand), `Idared` and `Honey Crisp` (USA) have been distinguished by fi ne qualities of fruit. Apple variety of ARRIFCB breeding: `Afrodita`, `Vavilovskoye`, `Veniaminovskoye`, `Zhilinskoye`, `Maslovskoye` and `Rozhdestveskoye` with fruit of high consumer and marketable qualities, have immunity to scab and display resistance to unfavorable winter conditions. Brief characteristics according to the parameters of marketable and consumer qualities are given to the apple varieties that are recommended for using in breeding. Using of foreign and home varieties with fruit of high quality in combination with donors of high winter hardiness adapted to local conditions would make it possible to develop highly qualitative apple varieties on a level with the world standards. When import substitution of fruit products is necessary, the development of apple varieties with fruit of high quality and capable to compete with foreign ones is an important national economic task.

Oidium and mildew artifi cial inoculation and its phytopathological estimate of hybrid progeny of new donors `Source` (№ 23-1) and `Spring` (№ 23-13) under test crossings testify the monogenic type of inheritance practically immune reaction in response to inoculation by Uncinula necator Burrill and digenic type of inheritance varing for phenotypical response to inoculation by Plasmopara viticola Berl. et de Toni. New interspecific hybrids (V. vinifera - V. amurensis - V. riparia) - donors of nonallelic genes of mildew resistance - Pva, - Pvr, and oidium resistance gene - Unr, do not show negative taste qualities in berries inhere in “hybrids producers”.

This article presents the results of a multi-year study of winter hardiness of roses in the continental climate of the forest-steppe in West Siberia carried with the aim of selection of species from the sections Caninae Crép., Indicae Thory, Synstylae DC. and Cinnamomeae DC. promising as rootstocks of garden roses. Available histochemical methods are described and the most informative graphical representation of the results of the comparative study of winter hardiness in the content of starch and lipids in rose shoots is given. It is shown that seasonal transport of starch in tissues is centripetal - it is observed in pith rays, perimedullary zone and core to the end of the vegetative season. A centrifugal trend is characteristic of lipids - primary bark, phloem and cambium are most saturated with lipids in the pre-winter season.

On the territory of the Russian Federation Psylla pyri L. is the most dangerous pest of pear in all the regions of cultivation of this culture. She leaves the wintering areas very early, before Bud break, constantly reproduces and develops before the onset of sustained cold weather. The pest has a high ecological plasticity, easy adapt to different environment conditions in the presence of prey. Biological and ecological features of the development of P. pyri in the Moscow region differ significantly from those given in the literature for the southern zone. According to the results of our research for the development of individual stages of the Northern populations of this phytophage required much less amounts of effective temperatures, especially for the fi rst, spring, generations, babies have greater resistance to frost. Most of the eggs laid in autumn, hatch larvae, which continue feeding on the plants and after leaf fall, depending on weather conditions of the year, until the end of the second decade of December.

The study aims to determine the role of preparations having eliciting effect (albit, immunocitofite, ecogel) in enhancing peach resistance to Taphrina deformans. The damage degree of peach leaf curl was evaluated in control during single processing with delan and twice processing with score; in experimental options it was evaluated with immunostimulators in tank mixtures with half consumption norms of fungicides. After the treatments, we determined the content of salicylic acid, as well as the activity of catalase and total peroxidase in plant leaves. Biological effi cacy of all immunoinducers mixtures with fungicides exceeded the indicators of economic treatments. The best results were obtained in the experimental options with ecogel and albit. Applying ecogel with half-doses of score, we exceeded the level of biological effi ciency in 1,9 times compared with the fungicide in its purest form. Signifi cant results were achieved using albit with delan (biological effi ciency 70,0 %). This indicator made up 40 % within the economic treatment. Treatment with immunoinducers together with delan signifi cantly (p<0,05) increased the content of salicylic acid in leaves compared with the control. High level of catalase and total peroxidase activity relative to control was observed in peach leaves without any curl signs as a result of treatments with tank mixtures of fungicides with albit, immunocitofi te and ecogel. The lowest value of catalase activity and total peroxidase was recorded within 100 % degree of leaves damage. Applying immunoinducers in peach protection system increased its resistance to curl when fungicides consumption rate was reduced twice.